<aside> ✍ 题主：@Minruo Wang

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一种视角：作为设计的学习 Learning as Design

什么是设计？

<aside> 💡 Design as a structure adapted to a purpose

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什么是学习——四种隐喻 Metaphors [1] [2]

1. Behaviorism view: Learning as Stimulus-Response

2. Cognitivist view: Learning as Information-Processing

3. Constructivism view: Learning as knowledge construction

4. Situated Cognition

作为设计的学习 Learning Design [3]

Framework: Four questions about design

• Purposes
• Structures: components that characterize the object
• Model cases: examples of concrete ways of the design, how it works
• Arguments: explain why the design works, pros and cons

以此框架来理解学习设计

1) Purpose of Knowledge as Design

Teaching and learning for better understanding and critical & creative thinking.

Make connections between different disciplines by making commons and contrasts in the four design questions.

2) Structure of Knowledge as Design

Knowledge as information:

• passive, knowledge in storage;
• disconnected with the contexts

Knowledge as design:

• Pieces of knowledge as structures adapted to a purpose.
• Knowledge as implement of an action (active, to be used): not an object in the environment, but a tool for a purpose
• Knowledge connected to the contexts of application and justification that make it meaningful (to everyone through experiential learning).

Framework: Four questions about design

• Purposes
• Structures: components that characterize the object
• Model cases: examples of concrete ways of the design, how it works
• Arguments: explain why the design works, pros and cons

3) Model cases of Knowledge as Design

敬请期待

4) Arguments of Knowledge as Design

Psychological foundation:

• Problem of "Inert knowledge": 知识以应试为目的，却在解决真实场景的问题时无法被积极和创新地应用 (e.g. 医学生无法在临床应用知识)
• Empirical evidence on:
  • Understand purpose not only figure out what something specific is for, but also can foster the general means-end analysis in human thought
  • Similarly, learning of structure is important;
  • Models are ways of envisioning a particular concept or situation, which is crucial in human understanding;
  • Pondering arguments is good practice of critical thinking
• Research on memory: organization, imagery and meaningfulness foster memory
  • four design questions is an organized approach to understand any design
  • also render any design with meaning that we construct
  • models offer visualizations that illuminates imagination

Problem: Disconnected knowledge - from purpose, models, structure, or arguments

Purpose: anticipate the application of concepts and theorems → motivation for the learner

Models: connect abstract principles to concrete experienced manifestations → intuitive and relatable understanding of knowledge

Structure: demonstrate the modeled activity from learner's perspective, not from "expert" side

Arguments: we are so informed, but not learning the reasoning behind - the pattern of inquiry of different disiplines

Role of educators and learners: remedy the neglect of disconnected knowledge - from purpose, models, structure, or arguments.

Learn the facts as you learn to reason with them

<aside> 💡 [1] Brown, J., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42. Retrieved February 18, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1176008

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<aside> 💡 [2] Richard E. Mayer (1996) Learners as information processors: Legacies and limitations of educational psychology's second.., Educational Psychologist, 31:3-4, 151-161, DOI: 10.1080/00461520.1996.9653263

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<aside> 💡 [3] Perkins, D. N. (1986). Knowledge as design. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. Ch 1.

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